File:Climate Change Attribution.png
Climate_Change_Attribution.png (500 × 573 pixels, file size: 28 KB, MIME type: image/png)
Captions
Contents
Summary[edit]
DescriptionClimate Change Attribution.png |
English: See extending Description below |
Source | This figure was created by Robert A. Rohde from published data |
Author | Robert A. Rohde |
Other versions | other language versions mostly beginng with "File:Climate Change... " |
This graph image could be re-created using vector graphics as an SVG file. This has several advantages; see Commons:Media for cleanup for more information. If an SVG form of this image is available, please upload it and afterwards replace this template with
{{vector version available|new image name}} .
It is recommended to name the SVG file “Climate Change Attribution.svg”—then the template Vector version available (or Vva) does not need the new image name parameter. |
Summary[edit]
This figure, based on Meehl et al. (2004), shows how a global climate model (the DOE PCM [1]) is tuned to reconstruct the historical temperature record and the corresponding assumptions in the model to which the associated temperature changes can be decomposed into various forcing factors. The top part of the figure compares a five year average of global temperature measurements (Jones and Moberg 2001) to the Meehl et al. results incorporating the effects of five predetermined forcing factors: greenhouse gases, man-made sulfate emissions, solar variability, ozone changes (both stratospheric and tropospheric), and volcanic emissions (including natural sulfates). The time history and radiative forcing qualities for each of these factors was specified in advance and was not adjusted indvidually to specifically match the temperature record. The exception being the aerosol forcing which is based on expert´s judgement balancing the GHG forcing due to the inherent large uncertainty of the historical aerosol forcings.
Also shown are grey bands indicating the 68% and 95% range for natural variability in temperature relative to the climatic expectation as determined from multiple simulations with different initial conditions. In other words, they indicate the estimated size of variations that are expected to occur due to fluctuation in weather rather than changes in climate. Ideally the model should be able to reconstruct temperature variations to within about the tolerance specified by these bands. Some of the remaining misfit may be accounted for by the ~0.05 °C uncertainty in the temperature reconstruction. However, though the model captures the gross features of twentieth century climate change, it remains likely that some of the differences between model and observation still reflect the limitations of the model and/or our understanding of the histories of the observed forcing factors.
In the lower portion of the figure are the results of additional simulations in which the model was operated with only one forcing factor used at a time. A key conclusion of the Meehl et al. (2004) work is that the model response to all factors combined is to a good approximation equal to the sum of the responses to each factor taken individually. This means it is reasonable to talk about the temperature change due to individual aspects of the evolving man-made and natural influences on climate. The zeros on both plots are set equal to 1900 temperatures, and it is apparent that most of the 0.52 °C global warming between 1900 and 1994 should be attributed to a 0.69 °C temperature forcing from greenhouse gases partially offset by a 0.27 °C cooling due to man-made sulfate emissions and with other factors contributing the balance. This contrasts with the warming from 1900 to 1940 for which the model only attributes a net increases of 0.06 °C to the combined effects of greenhouse gases and sulfate emissions.
Temperature change relative to 1900 | |||
---|---|---|---|
1940 | 1970 | 1994 | |
Greenhouse gases | 0.10 | 0.38 | 0.69 |
Sulfate emissions | -0.04 | -0.19 | -0.27 |
Solar forcing | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.21 |
Volcanic forcing | 0.11 | -0.04 | -0.14 |
Ozone | -0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
Net | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.53 |
Observed | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.52 |
Note that "Net" reflects the model runs with all factors included and is not identical to simply summing the individual factors.
References[edit]
- Meehl, Gerald A.; Washington, Warren M.; Ammann, Caspar M.; Arblaster, Julie M.; Wigley, T. M. L.; Tebaldi, Claudia (2004). "Combinations of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in Twentieth-Century Climate". Journal of Climate 17: 3721–7. DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3C3721:CONAAF%3E2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0442.
- Jones, P. D.; Moberg, A. (2003). "Hemispheric and Large-Scale Surface Air Temperature Variations: an Extensive Revision and an Update to 2001". Journal of Climate 16: 206–23. DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3C0206:HALSSA%3E2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0442.
Licensing[edit]
This figure was created by Robert A. Rohde from published data and is incorporated into the Global Warming Art project.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue |
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. | ||
| ||
This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL licensing update.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC BY-SA 3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue |
This graph image could be re-created using vector graphics as an SVG file. This has several advantages; see Commons:Media for cleanup for more information. If an SVG form of this image is available, please upload it and afterwards replace this template with
{{vector version available|new image name}} .
It is recommended to name the SVG file “Climate Change Attribution.svg”—then the template Vector version available (or Vva) does not need the new image name parameter. |
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 17:08, 16 July 2014 | 500 × 573 (28 KB) | JeffyP (talk | contribs) | Shrinkin' the image. | |
06:45, 10 April 2006 | 500 × 573 (37 KB) | Pflatau (talk | contribs) | == Description == thumb|right|250px|Instrumental temperature record of the last 150 years. This data is the same as the black curve in the figure. This figure, based on Meehl et al. (2004), shows the ability |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
The following 3 pages use this file:
File usage on other wikis
The following other wikis use this file:
- Usage on ar.wikipedia.org
- Usage on ca.wikipedia.org
- Usage on cs.wikipedia.org
- Usage on da.wikipedia.org
- Drivhuseffekt
- Global opvarmning
- Drivhusgas
- Klimatologi
- Sol-klima-teorien
- Wikipedia:Ugens artikel/2008
- Klimaændring
- Wikipedia:Ugens artikel/Uge 39, 2008
- Klima
- Skabelon:Navboks klimaforandringer og global opvarmning
- Klimamodel
- Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
- Representative Concentration Pathway
- Klimafølsomhed
- Atmosfærisk cirkulation
- Usage on de.wikipedia.org
- Usage on el.wikipedia.org
- Usage on en.wikipedia.org
- Sulfate
- User:Dragons flight/Images
- User:C-randles
- The Great Global Warming Swindle
- Portal:Environment/Selected article
- Portal:Environment/Selected article/3
- User:Debnigo
- User talk:Epipelagic/Archive 2009
- Stratospheric aerosol injection
- Talk:Climate change/Archive 50
- Talk:Solar variation/Archive 2
- User:RonCram/ClimateScientistsOpposingIPCCConclusions
- User talk:Arthur Rubin/Archive 2011
- Particulates
- Sustainability at American colleges and universities
- User:Obsidi/sandbox
- User:Obsidi/sandbox/List of scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming
- Labor and the environment
- Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change/Figures
- Talk:Climate change/Archive 77
- Usage on es.wikipedia.org
- Usage on fa.wikipedia.org
View more global usage of this file.